Showing posts with label weight loss. Show all posts
Showing posts with label weight loss. Show all posts

Friday, April 20, 2012

Butter, you should know better//


Pass The Butter .... Please. 
This is interesting . ... . 


Margarine was originally manufactured to fatten turkeys. When it killed the turkeys, the people who had put all the money into the research wanted a payback so they put their heads together to figure out what to do with this product to get their money back.


It was a white substance with no food appeal so they added the yellow colouring and sold it to people to use in place of butter. How do you like it? They have come out with some clever new flavourings.... 


DO YOU KNOW.. The difference between margarine and butter? 


Read on to the end...gets very interesting! 


Both have the same amount of calories.


Butter is slightly higher in saturated fats at 8 grams; compared to 5 grams for margarine. 


Eating margarine can increase heart disease in women by 53% over eating the same amount of butter, according to a recent Harvard Medical Study. 


Eating butter increases the absorption of many other nutrients in other foods.


Butter has many nutritional benefits where margarine has a few and only because they are added! 


Butter tastes much better than margarine and it can enhance the flavours of other foods. 


Butter has been around for centuries where margarine has been around for less than 100 years.


And now, for Margarine.. 


Very High in Trans fatty acids. 


Triples risk of coronary heart disease ... 


Increases total cholesterol and LDL (this is the bad cholesterol) and lowers HDL cholesterol, (the good cholesterol) 


Increases the risk of cancers up to five times.. 


Lowers quality of breast milk 


Decreases immune response 


Decreases insulin response. 


And here's the most disturbing fact... HERE IS THE PART THAT IS VERY INTERESTING! 


Margarine is but ONE MOLECULE away from being PLASTIC... And shares 27 ingredients with PAINT


These facts alone were enough to have me avoiding margarine for life and anything else that is hydrogenated (this means hydrogen is added, changing the molecular structure of the substance).


Open a tub of margarine and leave it open in your garage or shaded area. Within a couple of days you will notice a couple of things:


* no flies, not even those pesky fruit flies will go near it (that should tell you something) 


* it does not rot or smell differently because it has nonutritional value ; nothing will grow on it. Even those teeny weeny microorganisms will not a find a home to grow. Why? Because it is nearly plastic . Would you melt your Tupperware and spread that on your toast?


(Bob & I actually did this experiment by putting it in the garage and after a week it dried up and felt like plastic)


Share This With Your Friends.....(If you want to butter them up')! 


Chinese Proverb: 


When someone shares something of value with you and you benefit from it, you have a moral obligation to share it with others. 


Pass the BUTTER PLEASE

Sunday, December 4, 2011


Mysterious Human Skeleton Discovered in Saudi Arabia Posted by Hello

Recent gas exploration activity in the south east region of the Arabian desert uncovered a skeletal remains of a human of phenomenal size. This region of the Arabian desert is called the Empty Quarter, or in Arabic, 'Rab-Ul-Khalee'. The discovery was made by the Aramco Exploration team. As God states in the Quran that He had created people of phenomenal size the like of which He has not created since. These were the people of Aad where Prophet Hud was sent. They were very tall, big, and very powerful, such that they could put their arms around a tree trunk and uproot it. Later these people, who were given all the power, turned against God and the Prophet and transgressed beyond all boundaries set by God. As a result they were destroyed.

Ulema's of Saudi Arabia believe these to be the remains of the people of Aad. Saudi Military has secured the whole area and no one is allowed to enter except the ARAMCO personnel. It has been kept in secrecy, but a military helicopter took some pictures from the air and one of the pictures leaked out into the internet in Saudi Arabia. See the attachment and note the size of the two men standing in the picture in comparison to the size of the skeleton.

AN ALLEGED FOSSIL MAN

Hazleton Penn. Sentinel, August 1881
(Photo:Coal miners pose for a photograph just before descending into a mine in Hazelton, in eastern Pennsylvania.)
About three miles from Ashley, a Mr. McCauley has the contract from the Wilkes-Barre Coal & Iron Co. for sinking a coal shaft.
It is twenty feet square and is intended to have two tracks for carriages to run in hoisting up the coal, and is said to be the largest opening of the kind in the coal regions.
It is located near the base of the mountain and has reached a depth of 475 feet.
Saturday last, when the gang, or what is known as the second shift of men, were about retiring, after firing off a course of holes, Tom Cassidy, the foreman, descended the shaft to ascertain the result of the explosion, and was astonished to find an immense cavity in one of the sides of the shaft.
The explosion appeared to have a terrible effect and caused more damage than benefit on one side, but his astonishment was still greater increased on clearing away some of the refuse of the rock blown by the shots to discover a solid mass of rock in which appears a clearly-defined human shape of giant proportions.

All the limbs, muscles and linaments are apparent. The rock is about 16 feet in length, 18 in breadth, and about 8 in thickness. The dimensions of the human frame are giantly, measuring 12 feet in length and 4 feet across the chest.

Across the breast is the impression of a huge shield, about four feet in circumference, while the right hand clutches the broken and butt end of a large cutlass or sword.
The rock was taken out whole and is now in possession of Mr. McCauley in Ashley.
Source:Newspapers cited above. Articles provided by Edconrad.com


There Were Giants in Those Days Page 8

The "Yosemite Mummies"
Click and drag photo to resize. Script from Photo: Photo from Ripley's Believe it or Not who currently host the mummies. Click and drag photo to resize. Script from The Java Script Source

The Giants of Yosemite Valley
By Bobbie Short
The year, 1885. In California's great Yosemite Valley under the misty expanse near Bridal-Veil Falls, a party of silver and wannabe gold miners discovered what was to become the mystery of the decade. While having lunch, Mr. G. F. Martindale who was in charge of a party of miners, noticed a pile of stones that was placed against the wall of a cliff.
Seasoned miners, they were familiar with the natural formation of rock, this particular grouping struck Mr. Martindale as being unusual and seemed not to have been placed naturally. Realizing that if something in the wild is not placed naturally, he could only conclude human hands placed it there.
The miners set about removing the pile of stones. Behind the pile of stones they found a wall of rock that had been shaped and joined together with knowledgeable masonry. The joints between the rocks were all of uniform 1/8 of an inch in thickness and according to the reports from the men who were there, it was a beautiful job of stone work.
"As pretty as any wall on any building that I have ever seen" is the way one miner described it. Thinking that they had perhaps stumbled upon some lost treasure, the party of miners proceeded without delay and issuing great haste began tearing down the wall to get to the incredible riches that surely must lie within.

Disappointment fell heavily upon their heads as, in the end, they found the vault empty save a very large mummified corpse that lay on the ledge, which was carved from the natural stone for the express purpose of burial.

Lighting their carbide headlamps they set about examining the vault to see if perhaps they had overlooked something perhaps a map or some other clue to where the inevitable treasure might be hidden. Treasure of course being far more interesting than the fossil bones of a giant mummy.
What they found was another vault that had been carved from natural rock - 9 feet 3 inches high, 18 feet 6 inches deep and 8 feet 4 inches wide - containing a tall mummified corpse that was 6 feet 8 inches tall. The corpse was wrapped in what appeared to be animal skins and covered with a layer of fine gray power.
The miners removed parts of the animal skins to view the corpse and found it to be that of a woman holding a child to her breast.
The mummy was then taken to Los Angeles where it was placed before men, considered to be of great science in those days, most of whom agreed that is was a "relic" from a race that must have inhabited this country long before the American Indian. Tall people, they claimed, from a race which preceded the coastal natives?

All agreed that the height of 6 feet 8 inches tall in death must have represented an actual height in life of about seven or more feet. If their height relationship between men and women was approximately what it is today, then they concluded the males of the species could possibly have been some eight feet tall.

The most popular theory of the day was that the lady was a relic of some royal family of a lost Stone Age tribe of giants.
Interestingly enough, Captains Cooke and Magellan both wrote in their ship's logs of a race of giants that inhabited what we now know as the Pacific coast of South America. Cook was even supposed to have captured one of the giants reported to be nine feet tall.
Unfortunately, the giant escaped by breaking the ropes that bound him to the mast and jumped off the ship, overboard into the sea.
In an additional excerpt, Capt. Cooke wrote in his log that he was himself was 6 feet 3 inches tall, (which was very tall for those days when the average was about 5 feet 4 inches tall and under) and he could easily stand under the arm of the giant.
Cooke's report started a furor that was to last another 100 years and cause many to seek these giant people.
In the next century, many reports were filed stating that various of our major explorers had sighted the giants of what was then called Patagonia - but none had contact or for that matter even attempted to capture one of the giant men. Then suddenly, around the year 1650, the reports of sighting giants stopped abruptly.
Perhaps the giants moved inland, perhaps because they moved far away. They couldn't have just vanished. They could have simply become unpopular attractions and thus slipped gradually into oblivion. The fact remains that once up a time, they were there.
The Yosemite Valley, where the mummy was found has always been considered to be a place of great mystery by the Indians who lived there, the Ahwahneechees. The folklore of the Ahwahneechees relates a story of a giant who came into the valley long before the white man arrived.
The giant's name was Oo-el-en. They were vicious giants for they liked to eat the meat of the Indians. Oo-el-en would catch the adults and carry them away to a hiding place near the foot of Cascade Falls. Oo-el-en would then cut the people into small pieces, hanging their meat in the sun to dry into jerky.
The legend says that the Ahwahneechees finally killed the giants and burned their bodies. This rules out the possibility that the giant mummy of the Yosemite Valley might have been Oo-el-en.
However, if there was a giant, where did he come from and was there more than one of her kind. We may never know - sadly, all the Ahwahneechees are dead, the last having died in 1947.
The one thing the Ahwahneechees did leave was a written record of their long and complex burial rites. These Indians usually burned their dead - as they believed that by doing so they released the spirit of the deceased more quickly, so as to escape the evil spirits that lie in wait to grab it.
The important part of the ritual in relationship to the mummy of the Yosemite Valley was that they always wrapped their dead in skins of animals before they were burned. If you recall, the mummy of the Yosemite Valley was wrapped in the skins of animals and covered with a fine gray powder. Ashes, perhaps?
The learned scientist of that time, July of 1895, all agreed that the mummy predated the Christian era. It is therefore doubtful that the mummy was in any way connected with the Indians, as they were believed to have settled in the Yosemite Valley about 800 to 1000 years ago.
It is important to note at this point that the Ahwahneechees were also very small people, most being less than 5 feet 3 inches tall. However, there have been traces of a much earlier people that have inhabited the Southwest…..

Ancient Civilization Beneath Death Valley?
EXPEDITION REPORTS NINE-FOOT SKELETONS
August 4, 1947 edition of the San Diego Union.
Photo: Newspaper clipping from San Diego Union. Click and drag photo to resize. Script from The Java Script Source
According to the clipping, explorers had unearthed, near the Arizona-Nevada-California line, the mummified remains of strangely costumed giants which the discoverers dated to around 80,000 years ago.
The Union reported that a Howard E. Hill of Los Angeles was recounting the work of Dr. F. Bruce Russell, a retired Cincinnati physician who had originally located the first of several tunnels near Death Valley in 1931, but had not been able to return to the area until 1947.
With the help of Dr. Daniel S. Bovee, who with Hill's father had once helped open up New Mexico's cliff dwellings, Russell had recovered the remains of several men of 8 to 9 feet in height.
"These giants," said Hill, "are clothed in garments consisting of a medium length jacket and trouser extending slightly below the knees. The texture of the material is said to resemble gray dyed sheepskin, but obviously it was taken from an animal unknown today."
Hill also said, according to the Union, that in another cavern was found the ritual hall of the ancient people, together with devices and markings similar to those now used by the Masonic order. In a long tunnel were well-preserved remains of animals, including elephants and tigers. So far, Hill added, no women have been found.
He said the explorers believe that what they found was the burial place of the tribe's hierarchy. Hieroglyphics, he added, bear a resemblance to what is known of those from the lost continent of Atlantis. They are chiseled, he added, on carefully polished granite.
Text of the Article:
TRACE OF GIANTS FOUND IN DESERT
LOS ANGELES, Aug 4. (AP)-- A retired Ohio doctor has discovered relics of an ancient civilization, whose men were 8 or 9 feet tall in the Colorado desert near the Arizona-Nevada-California line, an associate said today.
Howard E. Hill. of Los Angeles speaking before the Transportation Club, disclosed that several well-preserved mummies were taken yesterday from caverns in an area roughly 180 miles square, extending through much of southern Nevada from Death Valley, Calif. across the Colorado River into Arizona.
Hill said the discoverer is Dr. F. Bruce Russell, retired Cincinnati physician, who stumbled on the first of several tunnels in 1931, soon after coming West and deciding to try mining for his health.
MUMMIES FOUND
Not until this year, however, did Dr. Russell go into the situation thoroughly, Hill told the luncheon. With Dr. Daniel S. Bovee, of Los Angeles -- who with his father helped open up New Mexico's cliff dwellings -- Dr. Russell has found mummified remains together with implements of the civilization, which Dr. Bovee had tentatively placed at about 80,000 years old.
"These giants are clothed in garments consisting of a medium length jacket and trouser extending slightly below the knees." said Hill. "The texture of the material is said to resemble gray dyed sheepskin, but obviously it was taken from an animal unknown today."
MARKINGS DISCOVERED Hill said that in another cavern was found the ritual hall of the ancient people, together with devices and markings similar to those now used by the Masonic order. In a long tunnel were well-preserved remains of animals including elephants and tigers. So far, Hill added, no women have been found.
He said the explorers believe that what they found was the burial place of the tribe's hierarchy. Hieroglyphics, he added, bear a resemblance to what is known of those from the lost continent of Atlantis. They are chiseled, he added, on carefully-polished granite.
He said Dr. Viola V. Pettit, of London, who made excavations around Petra, on the Arabian desert, soon will begin an inspection of the remains.
Second Article Concerning Same Discovery Of Giants and Caverns
EXPEDITION REPORTS NINE-FOOT SKELETONS
"Hot Citizen" Nevada Paper, August 5, 1947.
Death Valley: Click and drag photo to resize.
A band of amateur archaeologists announced today they have discovered a lost civilization of men nine feet tall in Californian caverns. Howard E. Hill, spokesman for the expedition, said the civilization may be "the fabled lost continent of Atlantis".
The caves contain mummies of men and animals and implements of a culture 80,000 years old but "in some respects more advanced than ours," Hill said. He said the 32 caves covered a 180-square-mile area in California's Death Valley and southern Nevada.
ARCHAEOLOGISTS SKEPTICAL
"This discovery may be more important than the unveiling of King Tut's tomb," he said. Professional archaeologists were skeptical of Hill's story. Los Angeles County Museum scientists pointed out that dinosaurs and tigers which Hill said lay side by side in the caves appeared on Earth 10,000,000 to 13,000,000 years apart.
Hill said the caves were discovered in 1931 by Dr F. Bruce Russell, Beverly Hills physician, who literally fell in while sinking a shaft for a mining claim.
"He tried for years to interest people in them," Hill said, "but nobody believed him." Russell and several hobbyists incorporated after the war as Amazing Explorations, Inc. and started digging. Several caverns contained mummified remains of "a race of men eight to nine feet tall," Hill said.
"They apparently wore a prehistoric zoot suit--a hair garment of medium length, jacket and knee-length trousers."
CAVERN TEMPLE FOUND Another cavern contained their ritual hall with devices and markings similar to the Masonic order, he said. "A long tunnel from this temple took the party into a room where," Hill said, "well-preserved remains of dinosaurs, saber-toothed tigers, imperial elephants and other extinct beasts were paired off in niches as if on display.
"Some catastrophe apparently drove the people into the caves," he said. "All of the implements of their civilization were found," he said, "including household utensils and stoves which apparently cooked by radio waves."
"I know," he said, "that you won't believe that."
Article Concerning Same Cave Discovery by Different Men 10 to 15 Years Earlier
Ancient Civilization Beneath Death Valley?
Author unknown
Bourke Lee, in his book 'DEATH VALLEY MEN' (MacMillan Co., N.Y. 1932), chapter: "Old Gold", describes a conversation which he had several years ago with a small group of Death valley residents.
The conversation had eventually turned to the subject of Paihute Indian legends. At one point two of the men, Jack and Bill, described their experience with an 'underground city' which they claimed to have discovered after one of them had fallen through the bottom of an old mine shaft near Wingate Pass.
They found themselves in a natural underground cavern which they claimed to have followed about 20 miles north into the heart of the Panamint Mountains. To their amazement, they allegedly found themselves in an huge, ancient, underground cavern city.
They claimed that they discovered within the city several perfectly preserved 'mummies', which wore thick arm bands, wielded gold spears, etc. The city had apparently been abandoned for ages, except for the mummies, and the entire underground system looked very ancient.
It was formerly lit, they found out by accident, by an ingenious system of lights fed by subterranean gases. They claimed to have seen a large, polished round table which looked as if it may have been part of an ancient council chamber, giant statues of solid gold, stone vaults and drawers full of gold bars and gemstones of all kinds, heavy stone wheelbarrows which were perfectly balanced and scientifically-constructed so that a child could use them, huge stone doors which were almost perfectly balanced by counter-weights, and other incredible sights.
They also claimed to have followed the caverns upwards to a higher level which ultimately opened out onto the face of the Panamints, about half-way up the eastern slope, in the form of a few ancient tunnel-like quays.
They realized that the valley below was once under water and they eventually came to the conclusion that the arched openings were ancient 'docks' for sea vessels. They could allegedly see Furnace Creek Ranch and Wash far below them.
They told Bourke Lee that they had brought some of the treasure out of the caverns and tried to set up a deal with certain people, including scientists associated with the Smithsonian Institute, in order to gain help to explore and publicize the city as one of the 'wonders of the world'.
Furnace Creek and Wash
These efforts ended in disappointment however when a 'friend' of theirs stole the treasure (which was also the evidence) and they were scoffed at and rejected by the scientists when they went to show them the 'mine' entrance and could not find it.
A recent cloud-burst, they claimed, had altered and rearranged the entire countryside and the landscape did not look like it had been before.
When Lee last heard from the two men, Bill and Jack, they were preparing to climb the east face of the Panamints to locate the ancient tunnel openings or quays high up the side of the steep slope. Bourke Lee never did see or hear from his friends ever again.
In 1946 a man calling himself Dr. F. Bruce Russell, and claiming to be a retired physician, told a similar story about finding strange underground rooms in the Death Valley area in 1931.
He told of a large room with several tunnels leading off in different directions. One of these tunnels led to another large room that contained three mummies.
Artifacts found in the room appeared to be a combination of Egyptian and American Indian design. The most amazing thing about the mummies though was the fact that they were more than eight feet tall.
Dr. Russell and a group of investors formed "Amazing Explorations, Inc" to handle the release, and profit, from this remarkable find. But, as stories of this type usually go, Russell disappeared, and the investigators were never able to find the caverns and tunnels again, even though Russell had personally taken them there.
The desert can be very deceiving to anyone not used to traveling it. Month's later, Russell's car was found abandoned, with a burst radiator, in a remote area of Death Valley. His suitcase was still in the car.
The old TV series Death Valley Days once ran a short story about western pioneers also finding mummies in the desert. Since one of the script writers stated that "there had never been a script without a solid basis in fact", it would be interesting to find out what their source had been.
For now, these stories will have to be shrouded in mystery, along with the 21,000 year old bones found in California's Imperial Valley, also rumored to have been spirited off by the Smithsonian.




Kokoweef Caverns
SWORN STATEMENT OF E. P. DORR.
Below you will find a transcription of the sworn statement made by Earl Dorr as it pertained to Kokoweef Caverns. This was published in the California Mining Journal, November 1940, though written in 1934.
It is speculated that Earl was attempting to get capital at the time for his projects in the area.
TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN:
This is to certify that there is located in San Bernardino County, California, about two hundred and fifty miles from Los Angeles, a certain cave.
Traveling over state highways by automobile, the cave is reached in about ten hours.
A Civil Engineer, Mr. Morton, and I spent four days exploring the cave for more than eight miles. We carried with us Altimeters, Pedometers, and a Theodolite, with which to observe and record actual directions, take elevations and measurements by triangulation. Our exploration revealed the following facts:
1. From the mouth of the cave we descended as shown by the Altimeters to be about 2000 feet, where we encountered a canyon, which from the Altimeters and by calculations we found to be from 3000 to 3500 feet deeper; making total depth of 5400 feet from the mouth where we entered the caves to the floor of the canyon.
2. We found the cave divided into many caverns or chambers, of various sizes, all filled and embellished with Stalactites and Stalagmites, besides many grotesque and fantastic shapes that make these caves one of the wonders of the world.
.....Photo showing the interior of Kokoweef Caverns. Courtesy of Jack Russ.
3. The largest chamber we explored is about 300 ft. wide, 400 feet long and from 50 to 110 feet high. It is encrusted with crystals, fashioned into festoons of innumerable Stalactites, that hang from the ceiling, some of which are extremely large.
One, the largest seen, is 27 feet in diameter and hangs 1510 feet down into a 3000 ft. canyon. This great Stalactite is perpetually washed by water flowing down over it and falling into the dark canyon depths. The huge glistening white crystal is 500 feet longer than the Eiffel Tower, and challenged us with amazement and wonder.
4. There is a flowing river on the floor of the canyon, which rises and falls with tidal regularity. All measurements and estimates of the river, including its tides and beach sands were reckoned by triangulation, taken with the Theodolite, and while we did not reach the river, nevertheless, taking observations with our theodolite and its telescope, we reckoned the river to be about 300 feet wide at high tide and 10 feet wide at low tide. It rises and falls from 7 ½ to 8 feet. The Peysert brothers confirm our reckoning.
5. When the tide is out, there is exposed on both sides of the river from 100 to 159 feet of black sand, which the Peysert brothers report is very rich in placer gold. They report the sands on the river shore to be from 4 to 11 feet deep; and on an average about 8 feet deep.
6. There are numerous ledges above the canyon that are from 10 to 40 feet wide and covered with sand. We personally explored the ledge sands for a distance of more than eight miles, finding little variation in the depth and width of these ledge sands. And wherever examined,the ledge sands are found to be fabulously rich in placergold.
7. I have known intimately Oliver, Buck and George Peysert From my boyhood. I have discussed these caves with them repeatedly and thoroughly. They have reported to me in detail, their experience in exploring the caves.
One of them, George, lost his life in the cave. Buck and Oliver say George was killed by diving in the river on the floor of the canyon.
He struck an unseen rock, which killed him instantly. They have reported to me repeatedly their mining experiences and say they mined on the beach sands of the river a total in all of six weeks.
They carried lumber down to the river and constructed a sluice box and, using a pump, the three mined for six weeks, during which time they recovered more than %57,000 in gold, (gold at $20.00 per ounce); they sent their gold directly to the U.S. Mint and banked the returns in a bank in Needles, California, and another bank in Las Vegas, Nevada.
I last talked to them in my home about November 10th 1934, at which time they repeated their former statements, giving information as to how they discovered the river, and more of their experiences in gold mining. They recovered several of the largest nuggets of gold ever found in California.
Both Mr. Morton and myself filled our pockets with the sands from the ledges, carried it out and had it assayed. Just what Mr. Morton's sand assayed, I do not know, but it was approximately $2000. per ton.
I carried out ten pounds and two ounces of the ledge sand, and panned seven pounds, recovering more than $7.00 in gold, with gold at $20.00 an ounce. I sold the gold for $18.00 per ounce.
The balance of my ten pounds of sand I sent to John Herman, a Los Angeles Assayer. His assay certificate shows a value of $2,144.47 per yard - gold at $20.67 per ounce.
I, E. P. DORR residing at 300 Aldena Street, Pasadena California make the foregoing statements for the purpose of inducing investors to invest in the work of mining the gold in these caves, and solemnly swear that all statements made hereinabove are true and that all persons will find the physical conditions in the cave as above stated.
SUBSCRIBED and sworn to this ___day of December, 1934. Source:E Adventure Net


Cayuga Township/Niagara's Ancient Cemetery of Giants---Page 12

"I respected the spelling used in the text. Fredenburg is first used and later it is spelled "Fredinburg." The site was about 40 miles west of Niagara Falls, according to recent maps; Dunnville is at the mouth of the Grand River which flows into Lake Erie.
A "Six Nations First Nation Territory" is along the Grand River today, but I cannot say if the site was in it, or out of it.
More information is needed to flesh out any veracity to this story, which 21st Century readers may take with a grain of salt."....Benoit Crevier
s8int.com: In our own little investigation, we discovered that there was indeed such a farm existing in the time period described ans shown quite clearly in maps and other official documents of the time as shown in the graphics included below. There were indeed differing spellings of the farm owners name with the correct spelling being, in fact; FRADENBURGH. Other variant spellings of the same family name include Vredenburg, Van Vredinburg and Freidenburg., to name a few. The name Fradenburgh on the contemporary (to the article) map was not added by s8int.com, but was actually noted on the map of the period.

Headlines: "A REMARKABLE SIGHT--

Two hundred skeletons of ANAKIN [sic] in Cayuga Township; A singular discovery by a Torontonian and others --
A vast Golgotha opened to view -- Some remains of the 'Giants that were in those days.'
From our own correspondents."Cayuga, August 21--
(1880 Map of Cayuga Township, South, Haldimand County Ontario, Canada. Click and drag photo to resize. Click here for high resolution map. Source: Rootsweb.)
"On Wednesday last, Rev. Nathaniel Wardell, Messers. Orin Wardell (of Toronto), and Daniel Fredenburg, were digging on the farm of the latter gentleman, which is on the banks of the Grand River, in the township of Cayuga.
When they got to five or six feet below the surface, a strange sight met them. Piled in layers, one upon top of the other, some two hundred skeletons of human beings nearly perfect -- around the neck of each one being a string of beads.
"There were also deposited in this pit a number of axes and skimmers made of stone. In the jaws of several of the skeletons were large stone pipes -- one of which Mr. O. Wardell took with him to Toronto a day or two after this Golgotha was unearthed."

These skeletons are those of men of gigantic stature, some of them measuring nine feet, very few of them being less than seven feet.

Some of the thigh bones were found to be at least a foot longer than those at present known, and one of the skulls being examined completely covered the head of an ordinary person.

Map detail. Click and drag photo to resize.
These skeletons are supposed to belong to those of a race of people anterior to the Indians.
"Some three years ago, the bones of a mastodon were found embedded in the earth about six miles from this spot. The pit and its ghastly occupants are now open to the view of any who may wish to make a visit there.
"Later: Dunnville, August 22,
"There is not the slightest doubt that the remains of a lost city are on this farm. At various times within the past years, the remains of mud houses with their chimneys had been found: and there are dozens of pits of a similar kind to that just unearthed, though much smaller, in the place which has been discovered before, though the fact has not been made public hitherto.
The remains of a blacksmith's shop, containing two tons of charcoal and various implements, were turned up a few months ago.
"The farm, which consists of 150 acres, has been cultivated for nearly a century, and was covered with a thick growth of pine, so that it must have been ages ago since the remains were deposited there.
The skulls of the skeletons are of an enormous size and all manner of shapes, about half as large again as are now to be seen.
The teeth in most of them are still in almost perfect state of preservation, though they soon fall out when exposed to the air.
"It is supposed that there is gold or silver in large quantities to be found in the premises, as mineral rods have invariably, when tested, pointed to a certain spot and a few yards from where the last batch of skeletons was found directly under the apple tree.
Some large shells, supposed to have been used for holding water, which were also found in the pit, were almost petrified. There is no doubt that were a scheme of exploration carried on thoroughly the result would be highly interesting.
A good deal of excitement exists in the neighborhood, and many visitors call at the farm daily.
"The skulls and bones of the giants are fast disappearing, being taken away by curiosity hunters. It is the intention of Mr. Fredinburg to cover the pit up very soon. The pit is ghastly in the extreme. Click and drag photo to resize.
The farm is skirted on the north by the Grand River. The pit is close to the banks, but marks are there to show where the gold or silver treasure is supposed to be under.
From the appearance of the skulls, it would seem that their possessors died a violent death, as many of them were broken and dented.
"The axes are shaped like tomahawks, small, but keen, instruments. The beads are all of stone and of all sizes and shapes. The pipes are not unlike in shape the cutty pipe, and several of them are engraved with dogs' heads. They have not lost their virtue for smoking.

Some people profess to believe that the locality of Fredinburg farm was formally an Indian burial place, but the enormous stature of the skeletons and the fact that pine trees of centuries growth covered the spot goes far to disprove this idea.

Source:"Ancient American Volume 6, Issue 41, p. 9. Researched and submitted by Benoit Crevier. Originally published in The Daily Telegraph (Toronto, Ontario), Wednesday, August 23, 1871, page 1.
CAYUGA

A township in the Niagara District; is bounded on the east by the township of Canboro; on the north-west by Seneca and Oneida; and on the south-west by Rainham and Walpole.
In Cayuga 14,871 acres are taken up, 3,666 of which are under cultivation. The Grand River flows through the township, on the banks of which are some good clearings.
The timber on the Grand River, to within a short distance of the village of Cayuga, is mostly hard wood, much of which is white oak of a large size; in exporting which a profitable trade is carried on. Above the village of Cayuga the timber is principally pine, with a small quantity of hard wood intermixed.
About four miles below Cayuga village, is a bed of white gypsum, situated close to the river. The village of Indiana is situated on the river, about two miles above Cayuga, and about six miles below the same village is a small Episcopal church.
Population in 1841, 837. Ratable property in the township, £13,872.

Giants in Those Days--

Giant "Homo Sapiens" Footprints Found on Rocks in India

Kerala News
‘Big Foot' walked across Kerala 30,000 years ago!
By Jehovah G, Palakkad (Kerala):

Giant footprints found at Karalmanna, a hilly village in Kerala's Palakkad District, are now being projected by anthropologists as belonging to homo sapiens that lived in the area about 30, 000 years ago.

According to the team of anthropologists headed by Krishna Swamy the footprints, which are two feet six inches in length, belonged to a giant human being weighing about 400 kilograms (880 pounds?) and having a height of about 17 feet.

“There are footprints on the rock, both small and big. All these footprints are in the shape of human feet but bigger in size,” said Chandran, an awed local resident.
Krishna Swamy,says the height of the cave in which the giant creature lived was 50 meters, and the creature must have used it to harbour animals that it killed for survival.

“The big footprints are similar to the footprints found in Australia and Texas in the United States. It is believed to be of a giant of 8 to 9 feet tall and around 360 kilograms in weight.

“The big footprints are similar to the footprints found in Australia and Texas in the United States. It is believed to be of a giant of 8 to 9 feet tall and around 360 kilograms in weight.
We have found a particular site where there was a huge footprint of 2.6 feet in length. According to the length it is believed to be of around 400 kilograms in weight and 17 feet in height.
The particular big footed creature about which we are speaking had arranged a set up inside the rock shelter to watch the movements of other animals. It must be a carnivorous, no doubt,” Swamy said.
According to the evidence available, the creature must have lived around 30,000 years ago. “We have found water, a river and valleys around the cave. According tothe evidence it must have lived around 30, 000 years ago,” Krishna Swamy added. “
The site is believed to have many items of geological and anthropological importance.
Too bad they made him wear a dress...

2nd Story: Times of India
Tuesday, January 10

Was there an Indian Bigfoot? Yes, insists a team of amateur anthropologists led by S R Krishnaswamy. "We found four footprints of Bigfoot. In one, the footprint of the adult male measures 29 inches and the female size is 26 inches.
Even the young one's foot size is 8.5 inches," said Krishnaswamy on Monday. Going by the size of the footmarks, the anthropologists say Indian Bigfoot would have been far bigger than his Australian and Malaysian counterparts, estimated to be about 8 feet tall and weighing a hefty 350 kg.
"The Bigfoot found in these parts would be diametrically opposite to his counterparts in size, weight and eating habits. Stone tools that lie strewn around testify he used to prey on wild animals", said Krishnaswamy.
He added that while the male's impressions were found near the lofty spot from where he probably planned his hunting expeditions, the female and child impressions were found near the mouth of the shelter.

Eminent anthropologist L K Balaratnam said in Coimbatore that the site is virgin and could throw up unknown facts. Balaratnam, who along with his father co-authored India's first book on anthropology, 'Anthropology in India', said the finding should be "interesting."

He added that reports of Bigfoot sightings or impressions have not been reported from anywhere else in the country.
However, it's still too early to say for sure that there was indeed an Indian Bigfoot. Carbon dating and detailed scientific analyses will have to be carried out before it can be truly accepted that Bigfoot indeed once roamed parts of Kerala.
Till then, we'll just have to be content with mythological references to giants who straddled the earth and vaulted across oceans. 



GLOBAL WARMING HOAX


THE GLOBAL WARMING HOAX

Societal manipulation didn’t start with the sinking of the Maine. Nor did it start with the surprise attack on Perl Harbor. It may have started with the invention of money or possibly the invention of religion and has been going thousands of years before Biblical times.
It takes a disaster of huge proportions like the demolition of the Trade Towers when Zionist, Larry Silverstein pulled the switch and a whole lot of media brainwashing to get people to sign their rights away with bills like Homeland Security and to get the people behind invading a third-world country with no ‘weapons of mass destruction.’
People are finally getting wise to the False Flag operations designed to rob us of our money and freedom. The pendulum will swing the other direction in November. The next big disaster will have to top all previous disaster. Get ready for a dirty bomb or possibly a nuclear attack on a major US city.

It may surprise you to learn that Enron chief Ken Lay and the CEO of British Petroleum (BP), John Browne, had a meeting in the White House in 1997, with Vice - President Al Gore and President Clinton. Their agenda was to insure that the US agreed to the Kyoto Protocols. Yes, you read that correctly. BP wanted the US to agree with to the Kyoto Protocols. Why? Such a compliance with the Protocols would have imposed major costs upon the US energy industry and all of those who use energy—a very large hidden tax. Both Enron and BP would have made billion from this hidden tax that would have been extracted from the American People.
Al Gore might thus be seen by many as the one who revealed a truth that the Bush administration was trying to hide. Indeed, for a long time, the fact that Bush was unwilling to endorse and ace upon global warming was seen as evidence that it had to be real! When it comes to climate change, Gore might be a far more evil villain than Bush!

            Dr. William Gray, a pioneer in the Science of seasonal hurricane forecasts, has argued that humans are not responsible for the warming of the Earth. “We’re brainwashing our children,” said Gray, a long-time professor at Colorado State University. “They’re going to the Gore movie and being fed all this. It’s ridiculous.” Gray does not deny the phenomenon, but instead argues that a natural cycle of ocean water temperatures—related to the amount of salt in ocean water—is responsible for the global warming that he acknowledges had taken place. However, he said, that same cycle means a period of global cooling will begin soon and last for several years. “We’ll look back on all this in ten or twenty years and realize how foolish it was.” Gray said. “The human impact on the atmosphere is simply too small to have a major effect on global temperatures.” He said, that his beliefs have made him an outsider in popular science. “It bother me that my fellow scientists are not speaking out against something they know is wrong.” He said. “But they also know that they’d never get any grants of they spoke out. I don’t care about grants.”
            This author has written on the propaganda of ‘CLIMATE CHANGE’ for human control now for five years. For some reason nobody will look up the fact that carbon dioxide is a trace gas making up only .033% of our atmosphere while nitrogen is 78% and oxygen 20%.
Water vapor from evaporation can make up to twenty percent of the weight of air by weight at 100% humidity. I know these things because I have installed evaporators on diesel engines to increase their efficiency. When inducted into a high compression engine 20 % of the weight of the air can instantly turn into steam making the engine burn cleaner and producing more horsepower.
The Earth is a self regulating organism in that when the temperature increases the amount of water vapor in the air (clouds) increases thereby reflecting more sunlight back into space cooling the Earth. Nobody knows how much water vapor is in the atmosphere at any given time.
Then there is the fact that Earth is recovering from a series of volcanic eruptions that started in the 1700’s. Each major volcanic eruption lowered global temperature .5 degrees.   

THE GLOBAL WARMING PROPONENT’S HOCKY STICK GRAPH
The graph has been subjected to manipulation. This graph was used by IPCC to further global warming propaganda. The graph was produced by modifying temperature data and proxies, and was generated by a computer algorithm to predict a future temperature rise. Detailed analysis of the data and the algorithm by Steve McIntyre          and environmental economist Dr. Ross McKitrick demonstrated very improper and unscientific conduct in the graph’s creation.
For example, the graph does not show the well-known warmer times of the Medieval Warm Period lived and farmed in Greenland for centuries. The chart also does not show the Little Ice Age, which extended from about 1350 to 1850 CE. The history of those times includes show falling in Paris in July, ice festivals held on four feet of ice on the Thames River in London, people walking from Denmark to Sewden across the frozen Baltic, as well as people walking from from Manhattan to New Jersey across the frozen New York Harbor.
What McIntyre and McKitrick found was that the algorithm could produce a “hockey stick”—shaped graph from a table of random numbers. No temperature data was necessary—proving that Al Gore’s statistics lie.
On December 6th 2006, Geophysicist Dr. David Deming of the University of Oklahoma gave some telling testimony to the US Senate. He testified that, around the time that a paper of his was published in Science in 1995 he received an email from a prominent climate change researcher, stating: “We have to get rid of the Medieval Warm Period.”
In 1998 Dr. Robinson, director of the Oregon Institute for Science and medicine posted his first global warming skeptics petition on the Institute’s web site. (www.oism.org). It eventually attracted more than 17,000 Americans with science degrees.
In late 2007, Robinson mailed a new copy of the petition tot the original signatories, asking them to recruit additional qualified scientists. Now his list includes around 31,500 man-made warming skeptics with science qualifications. More than 9.000 hold scientific PhDs. Almost 31,500 skeptics happen to me more than 12 times as many scientists as the 2,500 scientific reviewers claimed by the IPCC to form a scientific consensus.
Robinson’s petition states a truth: “There is no convincing scientific evidence that humans release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gasses is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth.
Recently there have been warnings portending disaster because man threatens to melt much of the ice covering Greenland. But researchers reported in July 2007 that Greenland really was green a half-million years ago—covered with forests. Who or what was responsible for that warming trend?
The sad state of the matte is that our climate has been reduced to a debate about man-made carbon dioxide emissions, and this has bee reduced to a “cap and trade” system in which the problem is not seriously addressed, but politicians have come up with a means of taxing heavy polluters—often underdeveloped countries, whose infrastructure relies on old machinery and which, hence is polluting. Their plan is to arrest the industrial development of India and China. However, those of us who are operating outdated diesel engines that do not meet Tier 4 standards will be put out of business.
Alas, the fallacy of the science, upon which this new form of economy is meant to be based was shot from under their feet because of “Climategate”. It meant that the international politicians left the Danish capital without being able to announce their favorite new toy to manipulate the world economy. Will it continue to be played on in the field of International politics or will it silently fade away?
The question is, what will be their next big excuse to rob of us of our freedom and our labor?  www.GuardDogBooks.com
  
I have been on a quest to alter societal evolution into more benign directions with my books. My book, COSMOLOGICAL ICE AGES explains how the carbon resources were made. Our sun is in a 105,000-year elliptical orbit around the Procyon and Sirius star systems. After reading about the direction our sun is traveling through space I plotted our course from Orion toward Hercules and in the process discovered that our Sun was captured and is till in orbit around the Sirius A and B which are only 8.5 light years away.
We are part of a cluster of 100 stars ruled by these two giants. Sirius B is a white Dwarf star of 1.5 earth diameters orbiting 20 earth distances from Sirius A. Every fifty-four years it gets so close to Sirius A that it feeds off from it several metric tons per hour causing it to put out thousands of times more invisible ultraviolet light than our sun. I am now convinced that the intense light from Sirius B is responsible for advanced multi-celled life forms on earth. It is the only thing that could break through a 750 PSI atmosphere extending 2,500 miles above the planet to get life started.
Our sun was born with about 40 other stars in an Orion dust cloud not too far from the Horse Head Nebula currently 1330 light years toward the center of the Galaxy (toward the Southeast). After our sun was born and most of the planets formed from dust rings we drifted out in the Orion Arm toward Hercules (northwest) for two+ billion years.
Galaxies make suns in dust clouds and send them out to make the body of the galaxy. After our sun was born and the earth formed from dust around the sun a billion years of volcanism gave earth a thick carbon dioxide atmosphere of 750 pounds per square inch. {The December Astronomy magazine mentions that early Earth had an atmosphere of 1,450 pounds per square inch and one third of that was carbon dioxide. Now Co2 is only .033 percent and the government is using this as an excuse to control us?}
Earth was about one-third smaller diameter at that time. After that, we (our sun) drifted out into the cold of space for a billion years and earth had an ice age that lasted one billion years. All the oceans were frozen. Our sun didn’t burn as hot as it does today.
After a billion years of being covered with ice, earth and our sun drifted between Procyon and Sirius A and B which are over a billion years older than our sun. These giant stars orbit each other at 8 to 12 earth distances (AU) and each have about 8 times more gravity than our sun. When little, Sirius B orbiting Sirius A every 54 years came around, it grabbed hold of our sun and pulled it into orbit around Sirius A because they have 12 times more gravity than our sun. This was fortunate for us because the light and heat from these giant stars melted the ice on earth and started plants to grow in the oceans thereby releasing free oxygen.
For the next 700-million years there were no ice caps on Earth and tropical plants grew at the poles because we had light coming in from many directions 24-hours a day.
Our fortunate capture by the Sirius system happened about 750 million years ago and was the beginning of all complex multi-cellular life forms on earth. During the Carboniferous Era the intense UV light from Sirius B laid down limestone layers up to 12,500 feet thick. (The 3.8 solar mass binary star system Sirius A & B is 8 light years to the south and is the brightest star in the sky. We are heading toward it right now at 7.5 kilometers per second are in orbit around it. In my book, COSMOLOGICAL ICE AGES we do the math to concur that our orbit period exactly matches the last ICE AGE cycle.  The continental United States from the Rocky Mountains to the Carolinas was laid down at time with limestone layers on average over 2,500 feet thick. [Look up Carboniferous Era in Encyclopedia Britannica.] Carbon removed from the atmosphere during that era was laid down in Pennsylvania and Virginia as coal layers up to a hundred feet thick.
Coal is made from grass and trees and plants. Anthracite or hard coal is compressed from plant matter at a ration of 40 to 1. Soft coal is compressed down at a ration of about 20 to 1. The point is, coal, oil, and limestone are made from carbon dioxide using photosynthesis and ultraviolet light from space and the majority of it came from Sirius B. Three million years ago an explosion went off in Orion creating banard’s Loop. After that time our solar system went into an elliptical orbit and Earth started to have small ice caps for the first time in 700-million years.
We are now in a 105,000 elliptical orbit where we go out to nine light years and practically stop. At present we are 8.5 light years and heading back toward Sirius at 7.5 kilometers per second. Our orbit period is 105,000 years which directly corresponds with the current Ice Age cycle.
Our sun does not have enough power to keep us out of the ice ages otherwise we wouldn’t have them! If you want to know more please read my book. Go www.alaskapublishing.com or www.GuardDogBooks.com or www.Trafford.com/books Type in COSMOLOGICAL ICE AGES.

Earth is loosing its atmosphere. We have a limited time on earth. During Biblical times the Oxygen was 35%. Reference books list it as 20% but it is down to about 18% yet we go on burning things? At the time of the dinosaurs the atmospheric pressure was around 30 to 60 pounds per square inch. Now it is down to 14.5 pounds per square inch. Before our sun was captured by the Sirius system earth had an atmosphere of 750 pounds per square inch. Over time and it was laid down as limestone, coal and oil using photosynthesis in the oceans and light from these stars. We have a limited time to get our act together and get off the planet so that we can seed life in other biospheres.


BIGGEST THREATS TO HUMANS ON THE PLANET.

Here in Alaska we have lost a 60+ million dollar a year crab fishery in lower Cook Inlet that went directly into the pockets of the common folk and nobody seems to understand or care. Between the EXXON VALDEZ oil spill and the ongoing oil tanker discharges is a wonder we have any fishery at all.

Discharges of oil from shipping, offshore extraction of oil, and transport of oil in pipelines is the result of either accidents or "normal", deliberate operational discharges. Accidental discharges (oil spills) occur when vessels collide or come in distress at sea (engine breakdown, fire, explosion) and break open, or run aground close to the shore, or when there is a blowout of an offshore oil well, or when a pipeline breaks. Much can be done to avoid accidents, but there will always be unfortunate circumstances and situations that cause accidents to happen. Operational discharges, on the other hand, are mostly deliberate and "routine", and can to a very large extent be effectively controlled and avoided. It is much a question combining available technical solutions with information, education and a change of attitude among ship-owners, mariners, offshore platform and pipeline operators.


FROM SHIPS
Ship-related operational discharges of oil include the discharge of bilge water from machinery spaces, fuel oil sludge, and oily ballast water from fuel tanks. Also other commercial vessels than tankers contribute operational discharges of oil from machinery spaces to the sea. Cargo-related operational discharges from tankers include the discharge of tank-washing residues and oily ballast water.
Before international regulations were introduced to prevent oil pollution from ships, the normal practice for oil tankers was to wash out the cargo tanks with water and then pump the resulting mixture of oil and water into the sea. Also, oil cargo or fuel tanks were used for ballast water and, consequently, oil was discharged into the sea when tankers flushed out the oil-contaminated ballast water to replace it with new oil.
  • Crude oil washing systems (COW) means that the cargo tanks, where tankers carry the oil they transport, are cleaned by means of high-pressure flushing with crude oil ("oil to remove oil") or crude oil plus water. This reduces the quantity of oil remaining on board after discharge. The residues from such tank washing are pumped into slop tanks and left in a reception facility in port.
  • Segregated ballast tanks (SBT). Ballast water is taken on board to maintain stability, such as when a vessel is sailing empty to pick up cargo or after having unloaded cargo. Ballast water contained in segregated ballast tanks never come into contact with either cargo oil or fuel oil.
  • Clean ballast tanks. To have so-called dedicated clean ballast tanks (CBT) means that specific cargo tanks are dedicated to carry ballast water only.
  • Operational oil separation and filtering equipment with an automatic stopping device. Bilge water is produced when the machinery spaces of a vessel are cleaned. Leaking cooling water often becomes contaminated with fuel oils and lubricant oils. Vessels in operation produce oil-contaminated bilge water to a variable extent. With the right equipment on board, dirty bilge water can be processed in a way that separates most of the oil from the water before it is discharged into the sea. If the oil content exceeds the limit, the discharge is automatically stopped (bilge alarm).
In a sea area with Special Area status under the international MARPOL Convention Annex I (so far, only the Mediterranean Sea area, the Baltic Sea area, the Red Sea area, the Gulf of Aden area, the Antarctic area, and the North West European waters) , it is altogether forbidden for oil tankers to discharge oil, oily sludge and oil-contaminated residues from tank washing, or heavily oil-contaminated ballast water. All oily wastes (mixtures) must be kept on board and stored in so-called slop tanks until the vessel reaches a reception facility in port. Furthermore, it is not allowed to discharge bilge water unless it has been properly cleaned and contains no more than 15 mg of oil per litre.
Most sea areas are not Special Areas, but in accordance with international regulations under MARPOL, attempts are nevertheless made to make large oil tankers and product carriers have equipment for crude oil washing and segregated ballast tanks. According to MARPOL Annex I, adopted in 1978, all new crude oil tankers of 20,000 dwt and above, and all new product carriers (30,000 dwt and above), must have SBT. Existing tankers over 40,000 dwt must be fitted either with SBT or with COW systems. For an interim period it was also allowed for some tankers to use CBT.
All oil tankers and other large vessels must be fitted with the equipment described above for bilge water cleaning. However, it has been emphasized that bilge water also contains traces of detergents used in the cleaning process. When mixed, the residues of oil and detergents form a stable emulsion with another density than oil. This sometimes milk-like but highly oil-contaminated mixture is not always "recognized" by the separation and filtering equipment, and thus discharged into the sea.


FROM OFFSHORE DRILLING:
Operational discharges in the offshore exploration for and extraction of oil and natural gas include operational wastes, such as drilling fluids/drilling muds, produced formation waters and formation cuttings, and machinery space discharges.
During drilling, specially formulated drilling fluids/drilling muds are used to cool and lubricate the drill bit, control pressure and bring the cuttings (rock or sand from a borehole) back to the surface. The mud is pumped down the drill pipe and into the hole at high velocity through nozzles in the drill bit. Drilling muds are usually a mixture of water, clay, a weighting material (usually barite), and various chemicals. Drilling muds are most commonly based on water (WBM), but in some cases mineral oil (OBM) or synthetics (SBM) is believed to be more biodegradable. Although the use of WBM is preferred, sometimes OBM or SBM has to be used when drilling conditions are more difficult. Inevitably, when drilling with OBM, rock cuttings are contaminated with oil from the muds. In the past when working offshore, these cuttings were often discharged into sea, in accordance with local regulation. Where OBM is used offshore, the spent mud and cuttings are now re-injected or transported to shore for treatment and disposal, or recycling. (The fluid is recycled through a circulation system where equipment mounted on the drilling rig separates out the drill cuttings and allows the clean fluid to be pumped back down into the hole.) The objective of environmental management of drilling operations is to attempt to minimise the potential environmental impacts (see APPEA and OEF).
Where one finds oil, one often also finds water. The water is either naturally present or has been injected into the reservoir to maintain pressure for production. The proportion of water produced increases as the oil field matures. As oil is drawn from a reservoir, it is therefore necessary to separate the water and return it to the ocean. This is what is known as produced formation water (PFW). Great emphasis is placed on ensuring that the water returned to the ocean is as free as possible from oil and chemicals. Strict regulations apply on how much petroleum hydrocarbon is contained in PFW. The objective of environmental management of produced water is to reduce the quantity and to improve the quality of discharged produced water (see APPEA and OEF).
As an oil well is drilled, the drill cuttings, consisted of crushed rock and clay, are brought to the surface by the drilling fluid/drilling mud and discharged overboard. New measures to reduce discharges, such as re-injecting the cuttings into the well, and slim hole drilling, are being examined and tested by the industry (see APPEA). According to Statoil, it ranks today as a tried and tested technology.
Similar to the bilge water from machinery spaces in ships, oil platform machinery space drainage is an oil-containing mixture. Operational oil separation and filtering equipment is thus needed to clean the drainage before it is discharged into the sea. If such equipment is not installed, the oily drainage should be kept on board until it can be transported to a reception facility.


FROM OFFSHORE PIPELINES:
There is no certain figure of how many miles of offshore pipelines there is in the world today. One estimation, published in the 2002 U.S. National Research Council (NRC) report, is 82,748 miles (about 52,000 kilometres) of pipelines. Operational discharges from offshore oil pipelines usually consist of chemical discharges during construction, hydrostatic testing, commissioning, pigging, and maintenance of the pipeline systems. Pipeline discharges usually contain corrosion and scale inhibitors, biocides, oxygen scavengers, and other agents. However, pipelines can also continuously leak oil in small quantities, although the line is intact. (When a pipeline breaks, however, the spill will be an acute one, like any other accidental oil spill.) Technical systems to detect and locate such smaller leaks are required as a means to avoid discharge of oil into the marine environment — as well as to save money for the pipeline operator.